GB/T 24611-2020 Rolling bearings—Damage and failures—Terms,characteristics and causes

Scope

This standard classifies the failure modes of rolling bearings made from standard bearing steel that occur during use. The characteristics, visual changes, and possible root causes of each failure mode are defined and described, which helps to identify various failure modes based on their appearance.
For this standard, the following terms are explained as follows:
——"Rolling bearing failure": A situation where the bearing fails to meet the predetermined design performance requirements or indicates the end of its service life due to damage;
——"During use": When the bearing leaves the manufacturing plant;
——"Visible features": Features that can be directly observed by the naked eye or with a magnifying glass or optical microscope, or those derived from photographs, but all must be obtained using non-destructive methods.
This standard only considers those characteristic forms and failure modes with clear visual significance and whose visual changes can be highly definitively attributed to a specific cause. It also describes the particularly important features that reflect bearing changes and failures. Various failure modes are illustrated with photos and diagrams, and the most common causes are provided.
If the root cause still cannot be reliably determined through inspection and based on the characteristic descriptions of the visible features given in this standard, additional investigations should be considered. These methods are summarized in Appendix A, Section A.3, such as potentially involving the use of destructive methods to obtain cross-sections, metallographic microstructure analysis with optical or electron microscopes, and chemical and spectral analysis. These professional methods are beyond the scope of this standard.
Generally, it is recommended to use the failure mode terms given in the section headings, while suitable alternative expressions or synonyms for describing its sub-modes are provided and explained in

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